Introduction For over fifty years, scientists have been intrigued by the mysterious connection between animals and the Earth's magnetic field. Animals ranging from birds to whales have long been observed to use the Earth's magnetic field to navigate, mate, and hunt. Despite decades of research, the exact nature of this 'magnetic sense' remains elusive. In this article, we'll explore the evidence for animal magnetoreceptors, the current hypotheses about how and why animals use the Earth's magnetic field, and how further research might lead to better understanding of animal navigational capabilities. The Evidence for Magnetic Sense in Animals The evidence for magnetoreceptors in animals dates back over fifty years, with multiple studies demonstrating that animals of all sizes and shapes can detect the Earth's magnetic field. These studies have observed migratory birds and fish navigating along specific pathways that allow them to travel to specific feeding grounds, and turtles and even whales orienting themselves in response to the Earth's magnetic field. In the laboratory, cockroaches, ants and bees have been found to turn and travel in response to magnetically-induced cues. Moreover, researchers have identified several distinct types of magnets animals use to sense the Earth’s magnetic field. These include magnetite-containing structures similar to those found in humans, such as detector cells in the eyes of pigeons, or magnetite-containing structures in the noses of sharks and rays. Moreover, some animals, including insects, are believed to have magnets with different biological functions which do not depend on the Earth’s magnetic field. For example, the neurons of locusts can be questioned with the Earth's magnetic field to register the intensity of light. How and Why Animals Use the Magnetic Field The exact method by which animals use the Earth's magnetic field remains a mystery, but the current hypotheses focus on the role of magnetoreceptors. Magnetoreceptors allow animals to detect changes in the Earth's magnetic field, in turn allowing them to orient themselves by comparing the direction of the field to their internal sense of direction. This allows them to navigate to specific locations with remarkable accuracy. The exact purpose of this behavior remains a mystery, though several hypotheses have been proposed. Magnetoreception could allow animals to navigate to specific areas, as has been observed in migratory birds and fish. Conversely, it may help them avoid dangerous areas, as has been suggested by studies of turtles avoiding areas with high levels of toxic chemicals. Ultimately, the purpose of magnetoreception in animals remains unknown, but further research may help determine its role in animal behavior. Conclusion The current evidence for magnetoreceptors in animals is compelling, indicating that animals of all sizes and shapes can detect the Earth's magnetic field to some degree. While the exact purpose of this behavior remains elusive, it is likely that magnetoreception serves some purpose, whether it is navigating to specific areas or avoiding danger. Further research may help us uncover the exact role of magnetoreception in animals, and provide insight into the nature of the elusive 'magnetic sense'.
https://www.lifetechnology.com/blogs/life-technology-science-news/tracking-how-magnetism-affects-animal-behavior
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